ZPD refers to abilities an individual can perform with expert guidance but not independently. Developed by psychologist Lev Vygotsky based on sociocultural theory
Jerome Bruner was a pioneering psychologist born in 1915. He earned his doctorate from Harvard University. His work transformed educational thinking and teaching methods
Learning theory describes how students process and retain knowledge. Behaviorists view learning as conditioning and rewards. Cognitive theory emphasizes learner rather than environment. Constructivism focuses on active knowledge construction. Transformative learning theory explains change in preconceptions
Vygotsky introduced ZPD concept during last three years of life. Represents space between what learner can do unsupported and with support. Concept developed to argue against knowledge-based tests
Educational psychology studies human learning from cognitive and behavioral perspectives. Field relies heavily on quantitative methods for instructional design and assessment. Draws from psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science
Subject matter knowledge is necessary but teaching skills are equally important. Effective teachers must master all tasks involved in instruction. Teachers need to be intentional and constantly assess their practices. Teacher efficacy is crucial for success in teaching