Both inductive and deductive reasoning are used in logic and science. Scientists use both methods in the scientific method. Sherlock Holmes is often associated with deductive reasoning
Builds on specific observations to develop theories. Used in exploratory research on new topics. Associated with qualitative methods. Example: Researching children's behavior during pandemic
Prove that sum of squares of odd integers equals (n+1)(2n+1)(2n+3)/3 for all nonnegative integers n
Inductive reasoning derives broad generalizations from observations. Unlike deductive reasoning, inductive conclusions are probable based on evidence. Inductive arguments can be strong (probably true) or weak (certain)
Derives conclusion from general or universal premises. Truth of conclusion guaranteed from considered facts. Example: planning dentist appointment based on driving time
Uses general principles to draw specific conclusions. Scientific method tests hypotheses and theories using deduction. Begins with first premise followed by second premise and inference. Syllogisms test validity using major and minor premise statements. Valid conclusions require true premises, invalid if premises are false