ZPD refers to abilities an individual can perform with expert guidance but not independently. Developed by psychologist Lev Vygotsky based on sociocultural theory
Ivan Pavlov first described this conditioning process. Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors. Involves pairing neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus. Creates associations between naturally occurring and neutral stimuli. Can explain how habits form through repeated pairing
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, won the 1904 Nobel Prize for studying digestion. Dogs would salivate when assistants entered the room. Pavlov noticed dogs would salivate without food and smell
Jerome Bruner was a pioneering psychologist born in 1915. He earned his doctorate from Harvard University. His work transformed educational thinking and teaching methods
Learning theory describes how students process and retain knowledge. Behaviorists view learning as conditioning and rewards. Cognitive theory emphasizes learner rather than environment. Constructivism focuses on active knowledge construction. Transformative learning theory explains change in preconceptions
Vygotsky introduced ZPD concept during last three years of life. Represents space between what learner can do unsupported and with support. Concept developed to argue against knowledge-based tests