Born in Amsterdam in 1632 to Portuguese-Jewish immigrants seeking religious freedom. Studied Hebrew, Latin, and lens making before being excommunicated in 1656. Moved to Leiden and Voorburg, where he developed a reputation for lens quality. Corresponded with leading European thinkers including Huygens and Leibniz
INFJs are compassionate dreamers and natural visionaries. They are deeply empathetic and absorb others' feelings. Their core values are idealism and understanding of human nature. They thrive on abstract concepts and future possibilities
Philosophy studies knowledge, existence, and reality from Greek "love of wisdom". Philosophers' teachings remain relevant through thousands of years
Born in Leipzig in 1646 to Lutheran family of educated elite. Received extensive library access from father at young age. Studied at Leipzig University under Scholastic and Renaissance influences. Met Jacob Thomasius, who influenced his philosophical development
Philosophy is both a field of study and guiding principles for behavior. Philosophy emerged independently in four ancient civilizations. Philosophy helps make decisions and move forward in life
Realists see things as they are, idealists see them as they should be. Example: Realist writing despite lack of capability due to market demand