Schelling sought to reconcile Kant's deterministic nature with Fichte's transcendental philosophy. He developed Naturphilosophie, viewing nature as a productive whole. Schelling's System of Transcendental Idealism introduced history of self-consciousness. Art was seen as the only true document of philosophy, revealing unconscious
Pragmatism emerged in the United States around 1870. Peirce and James were the first generation pragmatists. James's pragmatism focused on social improvement and truth. Dewey and Addams expanded pragmatism to politics and education
Born in 1844 in Röcken, Germany, to Lutheran parents. Spent early life with five women after father's death in 1849. Excelling in classical education at Schulpforta boarding school. Failed at Bonn University due to conflicts with professors
Leucippus and Democritus proposed indivisible particles called atoms in 5th century BC. Democritus believed atoms float in void and vary in form and arrangement. Aristotle rejected atomism, arguing matter is continuous and not made of atoms. Epicurus studied atomism but questioned its ability to explain natural phenomena
Born in 1596 in France, Descartes studied at College de La Flèche. Graduated from University of Poitiers with law degree in 1616. Questioned his teachers' teachings and developed doubt
Descartes was born in France in 1596 and raised Catholic. He studied at Jesuit College of La Flèche, learning Latin and Greek. He served in Dutch army supporting Protestant ruler Maurice of Orange