Muscle relaxers help regulate muscle contraction to reduce pain and stiffness. Third most prescribed medication for low back pain. Used when OTC and non-drug therapies fail. Treatment duration typically 2-3 weeks
Trigger points are hyperirritable spots in skeletal muscle. They form as local contractions in small muscle fibers. Pain often radiates from trigger points to broader areas. Can be felt as nodules or bands with twitch responses
Botulinum toxin is produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. Seven types exist, with types A, B, E, and F causing human botulism. Toxin consists of light chain (50 kD) and heavy chain (100 kD)
Superficial two-headed muscle located in back of lower leg. Extends from knee to heel across three joints. Forms part of calf muscle with soleus muscle. 39% of individuals have sesamoid bone called fabella in lateral head
Torticollis causes abnormal twisting of neck muscles beyond normal position. Spasmodic torticollis begins between 31-50 years of age. Acute torticollis appears suddenly with few symptoms. Infant torticollis (BPTI) is rare and characterized by recurrent head tilts
Serratus anterior runs from rib cage to scapula's front surface. Originates from first 8-9 ribs and inserts on medial scapula border. Stabilizes scapula and helps with arm movements. Innervated by long thoracic nerve from C5-C7 spinal roots