Strong band of connective tissue running down front of vertebral bodies. Attaches to skull base, continues to sacrum, and ends at pelvic bone. Limits spinal extension and provides stability during flexion. Supports head weight and prevents excessive lateral bending
Charcot joint is a progressive degenerative joint disorder in patients with abnormal sensation. Most common cause is diabetes mellitus, affecting 0.1% of general diabetics. Bilateral involvement occurs in 20% of cases
Spinal cord ends between first and second lumbar vertebrae. Cauda equina is horsetail-like nerve roots below conus medullaris. Nerve roots provide sensory and motor innervation to lower extremities. Poorly developed epineurium makes nerve roots susceptible to injury
Ligaments are soft-tissue components made of dense regular connective tissue. White ligaments contain mostly collagen fibers, providing rigidity. Yellow ligaments consist mainly of elastic fibers, allowing greater flexibility. Articulation ligaments connect bones and stabilize joints. Peritoneal ligaments connect organs to abdominal wall
Occurs in 0.5% of ankle sprains without fracture. Most commonly caused by sudden external rotation of ankle. External rotation forces talus laterally and pushes fibula away
EULAR and ACR collaborate on international initiatives for clinical trials. 2025 proposal call for proposals is now open. Annual deadline for proposal submissions between organizations