Two-way ANOVA compares mean differences between groups based on two independent variables. Test determines if there is an interaction between independent variables and dependent variable. Three-way ANOVA needed for three independent variables or two-way ANCOVA for continuous covariates
Pooled standard deviation combines multiple sample data sets into one overall measure. Calculated as square root of pooled variance, weighted average of individual standard deviations. Assumes equal variances within groups before calculation
Levene's test examines if 2+ populations have equal variances on a variable. Requires independent observations and quantitative test variable. Homogeneity of variance assumption needed when sample sizes differ sharply
Chi-square tests are nonparametric statistical tests for categorical data. Test statistic (Χ²) compares observed and expected frequencies. Categorical variables represent groupings like species or nationalities
F distribution is a right-skewed distribution used in ANOVA. Numerator degrees of freedom must come first in F table. Order of degrees of freedom changes distribution (e.g., F(10,12) vs F(12,10))
Study conducted by Ahmet and Mehmet (2023), Ali et al. (2023), and Walker and Allen (2023). Research model includes universe, sample, and data collection tools. Data collected using XXXXX scale (XXS) and YXS