Consequentialism bases moral judgments on the consequences of actions. An act is right if it produces a greater balance of good over evil than alternatives. The term "consequentialism" was coined by G.E.M. Anscombe in 1958
Intention is a mental state committing oneself to a course of action. Intentions consist of content (action plan) and commitment (attitude). Intentions can be successful (bring about intended action) or unsuccessful
Socrates questioned everything rather than finding definitive answers. He used the dialectic method of questioning and investigating. His philosophy divided philosophy into pre-Socratics and post-Socratics. Plato was Socrates' most revered pupil and primary disseminator
Pleasure is often seen as a simple, immediate feeling that is directly experienced. Locke viewed pleasure as a "simple idea" learned through experience. Sidgwick argued that pleasure is determined by intrinsic desirability at the moment
Ontological naturalism asserts that all spatiotemporal entities are identical to physical ones. Special entities are viewed as physical arrangements of physical entities. Physical effects necessitate special causes, which must be physically constituted
Greek philosophy emerged in 6th century BCE focusing on First Cause. Thales of Miletus proposed water as First Cause, influenced by Babylonian and Egyptian sources. Anaximander and Anaximenes suggested different elements as First Cause. Pythagoras rejected First Cause, claiming number as Truth