3D geometry represents points using x, y, z coordinates. Three perpendicular axes divide space into eight octants. Origin O is the point of intersection of axes. Points are written in parentheses separated by commas
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Index notation specifies elements of arrays in mathematics and programming. Elements can be referred to using subscripts, which can be integers or variables. Arrays can be vectors (1D) or matrices (2D)
Cartesian coordinates specify points uniquely using signed distances from perpendicular axes. Origin is point where axes meet, represented by (0,0) coordinates. System can be extended to three dimensions with three perpendicular axes. Named after René Descartes, who published it in 1637
Velocity is an object's speed in a specific direction. Velocity equals displacement divided by time. Velocity includes direction, unlike speed which only measures distance
Absolute value shows distance from 0 on number line. Absolute values are never negative. For vectors, absolute value equals magnitude. For complex numbers, absolute value is distance from origin