Learning outcomes describe what students will be able to do after completing a learning experience. Outcomes are student-centered, measurable, concise, meaningful and achievable. They can be established at university level or at module/week level
Deep learning involves applying knowledge to new situations. Three types of learning goals: knowledge acquisition, understanding, transfer. Deep learning requires active meaning making by learners
Teachers are crucial for building national character and education systems. Methods are processes, while strategies are goals and plans for achieving objectives. Bertrand Russell emphasized teaching methods over curriculum
Language acquisition occurs in two categories: first-language and second-language. Effective communication requires understanding intonation, dialect, and cultural context. Advanced fluency typically takes 5-7 years with strong first language skills
Diagnostic tests assess students' knowledge before new topics. They help identify knowledge gaps and strengths/weaknesses. These tests occur at the start of learning experiences
Action research emerged from Gestalt psychology, Collier's mission, Lewin's model and Moreno's studies. Corey (1953) first applied AR in education in America. Carr & Kemmis (1986) introduced educational AR as an umbrella term