Hierarchy arranges items as above, below, or at same level. Can link entities directly or indirectly, vertically or diagonally. Only direct links are to immediate superior or subordinate
Senpai-kōhai relationship derives from Confucianism and Japanese family system. Senior members (senpai) offer assistance to junior members (kōhai). Relationship establishes hierarchical bond based on organization entry date. System emphasizes respect for authority and chain of command
Weber defined bureaucracy as formal, rational systems with well-defined rules and procedures. Bureaucracies are most efficient for organizing large organizations. Theory was published in 1921 in "Economy and Society"
Org chart visually represents organization's structure and hierarchy. Shows chain of command and functions of organizational units. Uses shapes or boxes to represent individuals in hierarchy
Traditional physics deals only with closed systems, while living organisms are open systems. The number of possible connections in a system exceeds the estimated number of atoms. The rate of cultural change shows a log-log acceleration rather than exponential growth. The limits of automata appear when regulation is directed against arbitrary disturbances
Power BI slicer filters information on visualizations on report canvas. Slicers can filter categorical, numerical, and date data