Adrenal glands are located above kidneys on both sides of body. Each gland has outer cortex and inner medulla layers. Right adrenal gland is smaller, left is larger with half-moon shape
Neurohormones are hormones produced by neuroendocrine cells into blood. Can function as neurotransmitters or local messengers. Synthesis and release are co-regulated by hormonal, local and synaptic signals
British Industrial Revolution transformed rural society into industrialised urban one. Steam power revolutionized production through Newcomen's atmospheric engine. Textile industry transformed from cottage to mechanised production. Iron production improved with coke smelting method. Telegraph system developed by Cooke and Wheatstone in 1837
Fear is an emotional response to potential danger. Temporary fear helps protect against threats but can become chronic. Social anxiety affects social interactions. Panic disorder causes sudden, overwhelming fear lasting minutes. PTSD results from past traumatic events
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a stress hormone produced by adrenal glands. It triggers the "fight or flight" response when faced with threats. Released automatically during crises and strong emotions
Two triangular adrenal glands located on top of kidneys. Each gland contains medulla surrounded by cortex