Born in Amsterdam in 1632 to Portuguese-Jewish immigrants seeking religious freedom. Studied Hebrew, Latin, and lens making before being excommunicated in 1656. Moved to Leiden and Voorburg, where he developed a reputation for lens quality. Corresponded with leading European thinkers including Huygens and Leibniz
Born in 1632 in Amsterdam to wealthy Marrano family. Received traditional Jewish education at Talmud Torah school. Worked at family business from age 14. Left family business in 1655 due to financial struggles
Substance is an independent existence or being from which other things are made. Aristotle saw living organisms as best examples of substances. Spinoza believed there was only one substance constituting reality
Spinoza was a controversial Jewish philosopher who lived in the Netherlands. He developed his psychotherapy system due to his existential crisis. His works were banned and condemned as "forged in Hell"
Spinoza was born in Amsterdam in 1632 to a prominent Portuguese-Jewish family. He was excommunicated from Amsterdam's Jewish community in 1656. He left Amsterdam to work on philosophical works and his Ethics
Born in Paris to conservative parents, lived in same section throughout life. Met Pierre Halbwachs, who introduced him to literature and philosophy. Studied philosophy history at Sorbonne under Jean Hippolyte and Ferdinand Alquié