Ancient Greek and Roman art spans from Minoan to Byzantine periods. Migration Period (300-900) and Anglo-Saxon period (400-1066) followed. Viking period (700-1100) and Byzantine period (1100-1200) continued
Relativism asserts that valuations in a domain are relative to observer's perspective. There are various forms of relativism with varying scope and degrees of controversy. Moral relativism examines differences in moral judgments among people and cultures. Epistemic relativism claims there are no absolute principles regarding belief or rationality
Decadence emerged in late 19th century France as a movement emphasizing sensationalism. Term originated in Medieval Latin and entered English in 16th century. Refers to decline in art, literature, science, technology, or work ethics
Social theories emerged in 20th century as distinct academic discipline. Ancient thinkers like Confucius and Mozi developed early social theories. Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah (1377) considered first Muslim sociology. Enlightenment period brought modernity and challenges to traditional thinking
Popular culture encompasses dominant practices, beliefs, and objects in society. Term "popular culture" emerged in 19th century or earlier. Industrial Revolution in 18th-19th centuries increased literacy rates. Penny serials became popular literature in 1830s
Postmodernism emerged in mid-20th century as reaction to modernism's limitations. Term first appeared in print in 1870, gaining current meanings in 1950s-60s. Postmodernism rejects single foundational historical narrative. Term is highly contested and lacks single unified definition