Capital is accumulated labor that enables social energy appropriation. Economic theory has reduced social world to instantaneous mechanical equilibria. Economic capital can be directly converted into money and institutionalized
Institutionalization is the development of rules and procedures influencing human interactions. Weber distinguished between goal-oriented (Zweckrationalität) and idea-consolidating (Wertrationalität) rules. Rules evolve in nonbinding fashion in social interactions. Rules become institutionalized through formalization in supra-individual terms
Football in Britain dates back to Roman occupation in 1st century BCE. Localized folk football evolved into dribbling and handling games. Rugby School played influential football under Thomas Arnold's leadership
Social movements are purposeful, organized groups seeking common goals. Flash mobs are spontaneous gatherings lasting limited time. Four types of crowds: casual, conventional, expressive, and acting. Emergent-norm perspective emphasizes individual norms in changing situations. Value-added theory identifies conditions for collective behaviour
Social movements are loosely organized groups seeking social or political change. They empower oppressed populations to challenge powerful elites. Movements can be peaceful (nonviolent) or violent (armed). They often use technology and internet for global mobilization