NH3 contains three single bonds between nitrogen and hydrogen atoms. Nitrogen atom is at center surrounded by three hydrogen atoms. Nitrogen has one lone pair
Ozone (O3) contains three oxygen atoms with one double and one single bond. One oxygen has one lone pair, another has two, and the third has three lone pairs. One oxygen has -1 charge and another has +1 charge
Ligands donate electron pairs to central metal atoms in coordination compounds. Metal-ligand bonding can range from covalent to ionic. Ligands influence central atom reactivity and redox properties
Dehydration synthesis removes water from products to form new compounds. Two monomers combine covalently, losing H and OH groups. Electrons are shared to form new covalent bonds. Process can be reversed by hydrolysis
Ionic bonding involves electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Metals lose electrons to form cations, nonmetals gain electrons to form anions. All ionic compounds have some degree of covalent bonding. Bonding occurs when ionic character exceeds covalent character
Water (H2O) is a bent molecule with bond angle of 104.5°. Lewis structure shows two sigma bonds between oxygen and hydrogen. Valence bond theory predicts sp3 hybridization with 109.5° bond angle