Concentration gradient is the gradual change in solute concentration over distance. Results from unequal distribution of particles between intracellular and extracellular fluids. Solutes move from high to low concentration areas to establish equilibrium
CO2 stimulates breathing and increases oxygen absorption by lungs. CO2 stabilizes energy production systems and regulates water, proteins, and minerals. CO2 prevents toxic lactic acid production through cellular respiration. CO2 limits nerve and muscle over-excitation and prevents exhaustion
Born in 1883 in Freiburg to Protestant mother and Jewish father. Earned medical degrees from Heidelberg University in 1911. Served in Uhlan cavalry during World War I, winning Iron Cross. Einstein encouraged him to return to academia after war
ADP consists of sugar backbone, adenine, and two phosphate groups. Can be converted to ATP and AMP through phosphorylation. Breaking one ATP phosphate bond generates 30.5 kJ per mole
Cellular respiration converts nutrients into ATP using oxygen as electron acceptor. Process occurs in all cells of plants and some bacteria. Can be aerobic (requiring oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen)
ATP is the universal energy source for all living cells. It was first discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann. ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate molecules