Nicotine triggers dopamine release in the brain, creating feelings of pleasure. Smoking creates a constant nicotine withdrawal pattern. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms begin within 30 minutes of last cigarette. Smoking becomes associated with various emotions and situations
L-DOPA is produced from amino acid l-tyrosine by tyrosine hydroxylase. It serves as precursor to neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Acts as neurotrophic factor release by brain and CNS. Forms betalain pigments in some plant families
Tyrosine is one of 20 standard amino acids used in protein synthesis. Discovered in 1846 by Liebig in cheese casein. More hydrophilic than phenylalanine. Encoded by codons UAC and UAU in messenger RNA
Hypokinesia is decreased bodily movement due to basal ganglia disruption. Leadpipe rigidity shows sustained resistance throughout range of motion. Cogwheel rigidity presents jerky resistance with muscle tension. Spasticity occurs only at movement start, rate-dependent
Curiosity is the drive for exploration and learning in humans and animals. It can be both a temporary state and a stable trait. Curiosity helps human development and drives progress in science and industry
EPS are brain's extrapyramidal system symptoms affecting posture and muscle tone. Symptoms include dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia. EPS can be acute or chronic and affect 27.2% of antipsychotic trial dropouts