Endplate separates disc from vertebral body, consisting of 0.5mm subchondral bone and cartilage. Thickness varies, thicker under annulus and thinner superior endplate. Endplate thickness correlates with disc proteoglycan content
Subungual hematoma occurs from nail bed injury, causing blood accumulation. Black toenails can develop gradually from repeated pressure. Fungal infections can cause dark discoloration and thickening. Melanoma under nail may appear as dark spots without injury
Cranium forms superior skull protecting brain and meninges. Divided into roof (calvarium) and base with multiple bones. Pterion is H-shaped junction at risk of middle meningeal artery injury
Normal spleen diameter up to 10 cm and perpendicular diameter up to 6 cm. Healthy spleen shows density around 45 HU on non-enhanced CT. Contrast-enhanced arterial phase shows heterogeneous enhancement pattern
Health represents character's physical well-being and integrity. Zero health leads to immediate and permanent death. Health displayed as bar in panel or moodle on screen
In dynamical systems, instability means outputs or states increase without bounds. Structural beams become unstable with excessive compressive load. Atmospheric instability is a major component of Earth's weather systems