EU environmental policy began in 1973 with Environmental Action Programme. Policy evolved to cover vast landscape of environmental legislation. By 2015, EU environmental law amounted to over 500 directives
Chlorination was first proposed in 1894 to make water germ-free. Maidstone, England was first to have its entire water supply treated in 1897. Permanent chlorination began in 1905 to stop typhoid epidemic in Lincoln, England. First continuous US use was at Boonton Reservoir in 1908
First edition published in 1905 as Standard Methods of Water Analysis. Joint publication by APHA, AWWA, and WEF since 1925. Methods have undergone significant revisions since 1975
EPANET is a public domain Windows-based software for modeling water distribution systems. Developed for understanding water constituents movement and fate in distribution systems. Used worldwide for infrastructure design, retrofitting, and optimization
Fin rot affects fish's tail, dorsal, or pectoral fins. Early stages show ragged or shredded fin edges. Disease progresses to semicircular bite shape or complete fin destruction. Affected fins develop white cotton-like lining and red streaks. Severe cases may cause abdominal swelling and ulcers
Pure water has pH of 7, indicating neutrality. pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. pH measures acidity or alkalinity through hydrogen ion changes