Plantar fasciitis causes heel pain and arch inflammation. Stress fractures occur in metatarsal bones during running. Hallux rigidus affects big toe joint during running propulsion. Metatarsalgia causes inflammation around five long foot bones. Fat pad syndrome irritates heel cushioning tissue
Sports medicine deals with physical fitness and sports-related injuries. Specialty emerged in late 20th century, first established in Italy in 1958. Now recognized as medical specialty in over 50 countries
EAH occurs when athletes drink more fluid than kidneys can excrete. Incidence has increased with popularity of endurance events. 13% of Boston 2002 marathon runners experienced EAH. Eight deaths documented since 1985
Mouthguard protects teeth and gums from injury in contact sports. Prevents full jaw closure and reduces concussion risk. Used for bruxism treatment and dental procedures
Cold water immersion may boost immune system and reduce stress. Cold shock response causes blood vessel constriction and increased stress hormones. Cold baths can help relieve muscle pain and prevent overheating. Cold temperatures may improve mood and boost insulin sensitivity. Cold exposure may increase energy expenditure and activate fat-burning processes
The foot contains 33 joints, 26 bones, and over 100 muscles. Running generates up to twice the body's weight downward force. Foot injuries account for up to 40% of all running injuries