Developed by Sydney Ringer in late 1800s for animal research. Contains water, sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride. Modified by Alexis Hartmann in 1930s to reduce acidosis risk
Thirst is the craving for fluids and essential for fluid balance. Body detects thirst when water volume falls below threshold or osmolite concentration increases. Two types exist: extracellular thirst from blood volume loss and intracellular thirst from osmolite concentration
Loop of Henle leads from proximal to distal convoluted tubule. Named after discoverer Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle. Contains four parts: thin descending, thin ascending, ascending, and cortical thick ascending. Made of simple squamous epithelium
Renal physiology studies kidney's functions including acid-base balance and fluid regulation. Nephrons are smallest functional units of kidney, filtering blood through glomerulus. Kidneys produce hormones like erythropoietin and activate vitamin D
Bed rest involves lying in bed for most of the time to treat illnesses. A 1999 systematic review found no benefits for 17 conditions. Nearly 20% of pregnant women receive restricted activity despite safety concerns. Bed rest is not recommended for routine use in pregnant women
Body fluids contain solutes, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and electrolytes. Water moves through semi-permeable membranes by osmosis. Body water content varies from 8% in teeth to 85% in brain