World is totality of facts, not things. Atomic facts are combinations of objects, essential to things. Objects are simple, form substance of world. Atomic facts are independent and determine reality
An argument consists of statements that aim to prove a point. The main point being proved is called the conclusion. Statements that support the conclusion are called premises. Statements can be true or false
Plato and Aristotle initially struggled to support propositionalism. Stoics first employed the concept of propositions in western philosophy. Medieval philosophers like Abelard distinguished between dicta and acts of assertion. Frege, Moore, and Russell shaped modern propositionalist framework
Propositions are primary bearers of truth or falsity in philosophy and logic. Propositions are not linguistic expressions but denote truth in declarative sentences. Propositions can be modeled as functions mapping possible worlds to truth values
Conditional statements are mathematical reasoning based on factual basis. A conditional statement follows the form "If p, then q". The symbol '(\rightarrow\)' represents the logical connection between statements