Lubrication separates moving parts by applying a lubricating substance. System uses mainly liquid lubricants to reduce friction. Oil pump removes contaminants and forces oil through filter. Oil lubricates various engine parts including bearings and camshaft
Cylinder head sits above cylinders forming combustion chamber roof. Sidevalve engines have simple metal plate with spark plugs. Modern overhead engines contain complex metal block with passages
Supplies fuel/air mixture to engine cylinders through intake ports. Creates partial vacuum for auxiliary systems and positive crankcase ventilation. Mounts carburetor, throttle body, and other engine components
Head gasket seals engine block and cylinder head to prevent fluid leaks. Prevents combustion gas leakage and pressure loss between engine components. Three fluids travel between block and head: combustion gases, coolant, and oil
Transfers pushrod motion from overhead valve to intake/exhaust valve. Camshaft pushes pushrod upwards, causing rocker arm to pivot. Other end presses down on valve to open it
Camshaft converts rotational motion to reciprocating motion using pointed cams. Trip hammers were early cam-based tools from Han dynasty China. First overhead camshaft cars were Maudslay (1902) and Marr (1903)