Thermal conductivity (k) indicates material's heat conduction ability. Defined as heat transfer through thickness L due to temperature difference ΔT. Typical units are W/(m*K) in SI and (btu*ft)/(hr*(ft^2)*F) in Imperial
Paramagnetic substances have unpaired electrons in their orbitals. They show weak attraction to external magnetic fields. Electrons align parallel spin in orbitals. Examples include nickel, chromium, titanium, and oxygen gas
Magnetic field is region where magnetism's effect is felt. Maricourt discovered magnetic poles in 1269. Oersted discovered electric current creates magnetic field in 1819. Maxwell published theories on electricity and magnetism in 1861-1865
Chemistry studies matter, its composition, properties, and transformations. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Chemistry is one branch of science, alongside biology and geology. Mathematics serves as the language of science
Fluorescence occurs when energized atoms release visible electromagnetic radiation. Substances absorb energy from X-rays, light waves, or electrons. Emission begins within 10-8 seconds after radiation exposure. Fluorescent substances can absorb UV rays and emit visible light
Matter is anything with mass and volume that occupies space. Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. Atoms are microscopic particles that make up all matter