Hip fracture occurs in upper femur at femoral neck or head. Most common cause is fall, especially in elderly. Women are three times more likely to break hip than men. Risk factors include osteoporosis, medications, alcohol use, and cancer
Ankle fracture involves break of bones at ankle joint. Joint consists of tibia, fibula, and talus bones. Symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, and inability to walk. Joint is highly constrained hinge joint with strong ligaments
Casts immobilize bones and soft tissues during healing after fractures and surgeries. Upper extremity casts include long arm, short arm, and thumb spica varieties. Leg casts consist of long leg and short leg types with toe plate options. Specialized casts like cylinder and body casts provide focused stabilization
Patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body located on the knee. Fractures occur from falls, direct trauma or sudden twisting movements. Incidence is 13.1/100,000 per year, with women accounting for 56%. Most fractures are caused by low-energy trauma, especially falls
Tibia is a long, tubular bone forming knee and ankle joints. Fractures are classified as open or closed, partial or complete. ICD-10 classifies injuries under S82 subsection
Thin metallic wire used to stabilize broken bones. Can be placed percutaneously or buried beneath skin. Some K-wires are threaded for better stability