Carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid containing CO2−3 ion. Carbonate ion forms trigonal planar arrangement with D3h symmetry. Carbonates are ligands for many metal cations
Spile controls air flow and carbon dioxide removal in ale and wine casks. Soft spiles allow gas loss, hard spiles prevent further gas escape. Properly conditioned ale contains enough dissolved carbon dioxide for bubbles. Beer typically lasts 2-4 days after opening due to limited carbon dioxide production
Italian-Dutch company Perfetti Van Melle produces packaged scotch mints since 1932. Available in over 130 countries worldwide. Typical roll contains 14 mint discs, smaller versions have 4-6 discs. Current slogan is "Stay Fresh", previously used "The Freshmaker"
Colorless crystalline solid denser than water. No melting point, decomposes above 50°C. Good water solubility at 20°C (14 g/100ml). Used to make other chemicals
Siderite is an iron carbonate mineral with formula FeCO3. Named by Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger in 1845 from Greek word for iron. Forms rhombohedral crystals with trigonal symmetry. Contains 62.01% FeO and 37.99% CO2 by weight
Water's alkalinity neutralizes acids, while acidity neutralizes bases. Alkalinity is more common in natural waters than acidity. Alkalinity ranges from 0 to 750 mg/L as CaCO3