Glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate through 10 enzyme-catalyzed steps. Occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms in cell cytosol. Also known as Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway
Pyruvate kinase catalyzes final step of glycolysis converting PEP to ATP. Enzyme exists in four tissue-specific isozymes in animals. Pyruvate kinase is irreversible under physiological conditions
PFK-1 is an allosteric enzyme with 4 subunits, catalyzing glycolysis' committed step. Converts fructose 6-phosphate and ATP to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ADP. Mammalian PFK1 is a 340kd tetramer with muscle (M), liver (L), and platelet (P) subunits
Cori cycle converts lactate from muscles to liver for glucose production. Muscles use glycogen breakdown to produce ATP through glycolysis. Anaerobic glycolysis converts pyruvate to lactate during intense activity
Carbohydrates are central to metabolic pathways in living organisms. Plants synthesize carbohydrates through photosynthesis, animals break them down. Humans digest carbohydrates into monosaccharides, which are transported to liver. Glucose is distributed to cells for cellular respiration or glycogen storage
Cellular respiration converts nutrients into ATP using oxygen as electron acceptor. Process occurs in all cells of plants and some bacteria. Can be aerobic (requiring oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen)