CRISPR market expected to reach $10 billion by 2025. 75% of biopharmaceuticals now rely on biotechnology. Biotech startup investment surged by 20% in 2024
Nucleases cleave phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides in nucleic acids. They are classified as exonucleases (ends) or endonucleases (molecules). Nucleases are essential for DNA repair and molecular cloning
Recombinant DNA combines genetic material from multiple sources through laboratory methods. DNA molecules from all organisms share same chemical structure but differ in nucleotide sequence. Molecular cloning is primary laboratory process for producing recombinant DNA
Genetic engineering modifies organisms' genes using technology. First recombinant DNA molecule created by Paul Berg in 1972. First GMO created by Boyer and Cohen in 1973. First GM animal created by Jaenisch in 1974
Potatoes originated in South America 7,000-10,000 years ago. Spanish introduced potatoes to Europe in 16th century. Over 5,000 potato varieties exist worldwide. Most varieties descended from Chilean potato subspecies
AI and data analytics drive biotech innovation and automation. Biotech startups focus on consumer products and environmental monitoring. COVID-19 pandemic highlighted industry's rapid response capabilities