Principle states that sum of forces and momenta derivatives on virtual displacements equals zero. Named after discoverers Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Joseph Louis Lagrange. Applies to kinematic constraints with velocities but not irreversible displacements
Newton's three laws describe the relationship between motion and forces. First law states that objects remain at rest or move at constant speed unless acted upon by force. Second law relates force to momentum change: force equals mass times velocity derivative. Third law states that forces between interacting bodies have equal magnitude but opposite directions
Franz Kolb invented oil-based modelling clay in Munich in 1880. William Harbutt created non-drying clay in Bath, England in 1897. Original Plasticine contained 65% gypsum, 10% petroleum jelly
Newton's second law is incorrect in F=ma form. Law should be written as vectorial F=m*a or momentum F=dp/dt. Second law connects environmental force with body's motion change. Law only measures force outcome, not force itself
Ninth edition published by McGraw-Hill in 2009. Contains 1359 pages and 62.7 MB of text. Covers statics and dynamics in vector mechanics
Physics engine simulates external forces and detects collisions continuously. Engine calculates velocity and position using Newton's second law and rotational forces. Numerical integration methods like Euler, Verlet, and Runge-Kutta are used