Before 1930s, philosophers focused on broad scientific discovery patterns. In 18th century, "discovery" became technical term in philosophical discussions. 19th century distinguished discovery from justification processes. Whewell's three-element theory: happy thought, colligation, verification
Built for US Antarctic Service Expedition in 1939-1941. Designed by Thomas Poulter as mobile base for safer exploration. Weighed 37 tons fully loaded with retractable wheels. Powered by diesel-electric system, reaching 30 mph. Completed in 11 weeks at Pullman Company in 1939
Nutmeg tree grows only in Banda Sea islands until late 18th century. Arabs were exclusive European importers until Portuguese arrived in 1512. Dutch East India Company founded in 1602, became world's richest by 1617. Dutch controlled nutmeg trade through Treaty of Breda in 1667. French smuggled plants to Mauritius in 1770, volcanic eruption destroyed half groves
Andy Weir's 2011 science fiction debut novel about astronaut Mark Watney on Mars. Story begins in 2035 when Watney becomes stranded on Mars. Watney must survive by growing potatoes and using hydrogen fuel. NASA discovers Watney's survival but keeps it secret from crew
NASA's Johns Hopkins University developing mission to study Neptune and Triton. Current proposal targets 2033 launch with 2049 arrival at Neptune. Mission considered for 2023-2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey. Uranus Orbiter and Probe mission selected as priority over Odyssey
Basic research improves scientific theories for understanding natural phenomena. Contrasts with applied research developing technology for intervention. Driven by curiosity and fuels technological innovations. Generates new ideas and theories forming basis for progress