Straw man fallacy is refuting an argument different from the one under discussion. Term dates back to 1620 as "man of straw". Aristotle made similar remarks about straw man concerns
Prudence is the ability to govern oneself through reason. Derives from Latin "prudentia" meaning "seeing ahead, sagacity". Associated with wisdom, insight, and knowledge
Aristotle first articulated substance concept in Categories, distinguishing between individual objects and their properties. Primary substances are individual objects, secondary substances are kinds of individual objects. Substance can be distinguished from properties and events, indicating durability or permanence
Hamartia refers to a character's tragic flaw or error leading to downfall. Term originated with Aristotle in Poetics. Can be internal character trait or external circumstances
Substance is an independent existence or being from which other things are made. Aristotle saw living organisms as best examples of substances. Spinoza believed there was only one substance constituting reality
Born around 1200 in Germany, son of a wealthy lord. Studied liberal arts at University of Padua. Joined Dominican order in 1223