Manufacturing involves making products from raw materials using various processes. Ancient civilizations like India and Rome had factories for handicrafts. Industrial Revolution (1760-1830) transformed production from agriculture to industry. Assembly line introduced by Henry Ford in 1913 for mass production
Friction welding generates heat through mechanical friction between moving workpieces. Process uses lateral force called "upset" to plastically displace materials. ISO standard EN ISO 15620:2019 defines basic terms and welding parameters. First patents date back to early 20th century, rotary friction welding being oldest
Milling is a precision machining process using rotary cutting tools. Milling cutters remove material through multiple passes. Two main types: peripheral milling with teeth on periphery and face milling. Milling creates parts with complex features like holes and slots
Shark skin-patterned PHE design shows 50% higher heat transfer rate. Dermal denticles-patterned PHE reduces pressure drop by 72.5%. Latent heat thermal energy storage reduces solidification time by 63%
Qualitas is a leading manufacturer consultancy for Industry 4.0. Company has helped over 650 companies in 20+ sectors worldwide. Founded in 1986, developing NET@PRO MES system for production control
ABS is an affordable thermoplastic with excellent mechanical properties. It has high heat-deflection capability and excellent machinability. ABS is resistant to most fluids and has exceptional electrical insulation. It is used in aerospace, electronics, automotive, and medical applications