Series of revolutions occurred from 1848 to 1849 across Europe. Started in Italy in January 1848, affecting over 50 countries. Initially democratic and liberal, aimed at removing monarchical structures
Populism emphasizes common people against perceived elite. Term emerged in late 19th century, first used by Russian narodniki. Academic interest grew rapidly from 1950s to 2018
National identity is a person's sense of belonging to one or more states. Combines political and cultural elements, including symbols, language, and history. Can include diaspora populations and multiple ethnic identities
Nationalism holds that nation and state should be congruent. Promotes self-determination and sovereignty over perceived homeland. Builds national identity based on shared characteristics. Can be combined with conservatism or socialism
Airlines use national flags and symbols to enhance their branding. Many airlines incorporate national symbols into their logos and livery designs. Symbols often represent national identity for international market acceptance
UK consists of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Each country has its own legal system and jurisdiction. Northern Ireland is described as a region, not a country. England, Scotland, and Wales are not listed in ISO countries