Safety is a systems property requiring systematic enforcement at all levels. SMS provides framework for risk-based decision-making in daily business. Safety management addresses technical, human, organizational factors and system safety
Chicken gun simulates bird strikes at aircraft components at speeds up to 350 km/h. Bird strikes pose significant safety risks during takeoff and landing. Windshields and jet engines are most vulnerable targets
Integral tanks are sealed internal structures used in large aircraft. Rigid removable tanks are made of metal, plastic or fibreglass. Bladder tanks are reinforced rubberized bags installed in aircraft structure. Conformal tanks are fitted closely to aircraft profile for extended range. External tanks are expendable and often jettisonable
Deicing removes snow, ice or frost from surfaces using various methods. In 2013, 14 million tons of salt were used for road deicing in North America. Traditional salt-based deicers freeze at −18°C and cause corrosion. Modern alternatives include calcium and magnesium chloride, organic compounds. Solar road systems use heat to maintain surface above freezing point
Annex 6 Part I supersedes previous editions on November 8, 2018. Standards apply to international commercial air transport of aircraft. Compliance with laws, regulations and procedures is mandatory
CG is the point over which an aircraft would balance. CG is calculated by dividing total moment by total weight. Aircraft must maintain CG within manufacturer's specified limits. CG affects aircraft stability and control