Russia's longest river, running 2,167 miles from Kyzyl to Kara Sea. World's sixth largest river by discharge, draining 996,000 square miles basin. Contains 20,000 tributaries totaling 550,000 miles in length
Colorless liquid with gasoline-like odor. Boiling point 345.4°F, melting point -21.5°F. Less dense than water, insoluble in water. Vapors heavier than air, flash point 115°F
Viscosity varies significantly with temperature in gases and liquids. Gases show increasing viscosity due to molecular momentum transfer. Liquids exhibit decreasing viscosity due to molecular attraction
Colorless, flammable liquid with sweet pear drop smell. Formula: CH3CO2CH2CH3 (C4H8O2). Melting point: −83 °C, boiling point: 77 °C
Thermal conductivity (k) measures heat transfer through materials by conduction. Most materials are nearly homogeneous, so k = k(T). Thermal conductivity increases with temperature and temperature difference. Solids have highest conductivity, followed by liquids, then gases
One mole of ideal gas occupies 22.4 liters at STP. Conversion formula: moles = liters / 22.4. Temperature affects gas volume: higher temperature increases volume. Pressure affects gas volume: higher pressure reduces volume