First published in 1818, expanded in 1844 and 1859. Work consists of four books covering epistemology, ontology, aesthetics, and ethics. Contains detailed critique of Kant's philosophy in an appendix
Schopenhauer created metaphor about human intimacy challenges. Group of hedgehogs seek warmth but must stay apart due to spines. Humans cannot be intimate without risk of mutual harm. Society drives hedgehogs together but their repulsive qualities separate them
Born in Danzig in 1788 to wealthy merchant Heinrich and educated Johanna. Experienced homelessness from age five due to family's move to Hamburg. Father Heinrich was prone to anxiety and depression, mother Johanna was literate
Born in 1788 in Danzig to wealthy merchant parents. Received private education and traveled extensively with family. Studied medicine at Göttingen University, then transferred to humanities. Earned doctorate from Jena University in 1813
Born in Danzig in 1788 to a successful merchant family. Studied at Göttingen and Berlin universities, absorbing Plato and Kant. Moved to Frankfurt in 1833, where he lived for 27 years
Work consists of two volumes, with second volume containing commentaries. First volume focuses on presentation as subject to general principle. Second volume explores will as object of presentation. Third volume discusses presentation independent of general principle