Urography evaluates kidneys, ureters and bladder using imaging and contrast. Conventional x-ray (IVP) is performed with intravenous contrast. CT and MRI urography are painless and effective for urinary tract issues
C5-C6 vertebrae are located in lower cervical spine. Spine has three natural curves forming soft 'S' shape. Intervertebral discs provide cushioning and distribute force
Found behind intact tympanic membrane without infection. Middle ear congenital cholesteatomas represent 2% of all cases. Can occur in petrous bone near geniculate ganglion. Usually asymptomatic, discovered incidentally. Treatment requires complete surgical removal
Plain X-ray is first modality, useful for radio-opaque stones. IVU combines X-ray with contrast, useful for stones and collecting system. Ultrasound provides good resolution but operator dependency. CT offers precise cross-sectional images with +/- contrast. MRI excels in soft tissue evaluation but takes longer
CPLs are common, ranging from 2.4% to 19.6% of pancreatic tumors. Prevalence increases with age, from 7.9% below 70 to 40.2% over 70. Most CPLs are "technopathies" due to improved imaging capabilities
Begins at left ventricle base, 6 cm behind sternum. Passes upward, forward, and to right, reaching second right costal cartilage. Total length about 5 centimeters. Contains aortic sinuses between valve commissures