Text types categorize different types of texts with distinct conventions. Understanding text types helps interpret intentions and create effective texts
V&D's 1958 model divides translation into direct and oblique strategies. Direct translation includes borrowing and calque procedures. Oblique techniques consist of transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. Translation procedures are categorized as obligatory or optional
Translation is viewed as a communicative act requiring functional equivalence between source and target texts. Reiss's approach is based on Karl Bühler's three-way categorization of language functions. Translation consists of three phases: analysis, text variety, and reverbalization
Tone is the author's attitude towards a specific topic. Writing tone differs from verbal expression due to lack of direct audience interaction. Tone helps create connection and develop audience in specific niche
Translation is viewed as a secondary communication between source and target texts. The translator aims to produce a functionally equivalent target text. Translation follows a two-phase approach: analysis and reverbalization
Texts fall into two main categories: factual and literary. Factual texts inform, instruct, or persuade through facts. Literary texts entertain, enlighten, or elicit emotion through creative language