Computers use binary (base 2) instead of decimal (base 10). Binary numbers use only 0s and 1s, unlike decimal's 0-9. Hexadecimal (base 16) provides convenient binary representation. ASCII code uses 7 bits to represent letters and numbers
Truth table shows functional values of logical expressions for input combinations. Contains input variables in columns and possible operation results in final column. Each row represents input configuration with corresponding operation result
Developed by Willard V. Quine in 1952 and extended by Edward J. McCluskey in 1956. Principle demonstrated by Hugh McColl in 1878 and proved by Archie Blake in 1937. Rediscovered by Samson and Mills in 1954 and Nelson in 1955. Decimal variant proposed by Abrahams, Nordahl, Mullin, and Kellner in 1955
Maurice Karnaugh introduced K-map in 1953 as refinement of Veitch chart. Diagram simplifies Boolean algebra expressions using pattern recognition. Cells arranged in Gray code, representing input combinations
Simplifies boolean expressions with step-by-step solutions. Applies various laws including commutative, distributive, and identity. Supports all basic logic operators and their combinations. Finds disjunctive, conjunctive, and negation normal forms
ALU is the mathematical brain of modern computers. Intel 74181 was first complete ALU on single chip. ALU consists of arithmetic and logic units