Ibn Khaldûn (1332-1406) was a Mediterranean scholar and jurist. His ancestors emigrated from Yemen to Andalusia in the eighth century. He was marked by travel and social mobility in Mediterranean society
Born in Tunis in 1332, Ibn Khaldun received traditional education in various subjects. Served as seal-bearer in Tunisia and Morocco, gaining political influence. Escaped to Spain after Tunisia's fall in 1352. Became chamberlain in Bougie, then retired to Fort Salama
Century lasted from 1301 to 1400, with over 45 million deaths. Black Death killed 25 million Europeans, wiping out one-third. Hundred Years' War began in 1337 with Edward III's French throne claim. Timurid Empire established, causing 17 million deaths worldwide. Mali Empire reached peak under Mansa Musa I, richest medieval ruler
Born in Manchester in 1915 to Lebanese cotton merchants. Attended Mill Hill School, first non-Church of England boarding school. Studied philosophy at Oxford, later focused on Middle East history