Puberty is a continuous process of sexual maturation in boys and girls. Leptin hormone plays a role in initiating puberty. Normal age of puberty is 10-14 for girls, 12-16 for boys. Diet and environmental factors can affect puberty onset
Photopsia, or seeing stars, occurs when retina is compressed by eye pressure. Pressure from sneezing, coughing, or straining can trigger phosphenes. Posterior vitreous detachment is a normal aging-related condition. Migraine headaches often cause visual disturbances lasting 20-30 minutes. Stress can trigger photopsia through cortisol release and pupil dilation
LASIK is a refractive surgery using laser to correct vision problems. Light rays must travel through cornea and lens to reach retina. Surgery changes cornea shape to improve light focus
Optic neuritis causes acute monocular visual loss. Highly associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Present in 15-20% of MS patients. Occurs in 50% of MS patients at some point
Painless temporary loss of vision in one or both eyes. Classic "black curtain" appearance occurs in only 23.8% of cases. Vision loss typically lasts seconds to hours
Color blindness affects color perception due to cone cell abnormalities in retina. Most common types include red-green, blue-yellow, and complete color blindness. Global prevalence: 8% of men, 0.5% of women with Northern European ancestry