Brown algae are multicellular seaweeds found in Northern Hemisphere waters. Group contains 1,500-2,000 species worldwide. Most contain fucoxanthin pigment for greenish-brown color. Grow from microscopic tufts to giant kelps reaching over 50m
ETC transfers electrons between donors and acceptors via redox reactions. Process couples electron transfer with proton movement across membranes. Energy from redox reactions drives ATP synthesis through electrochemical gradient
Plant physiology studies fundamental plant functions and processes. Plants produce unique chemical compounds for survival and defense. Plants lack pain receptors and consciousness unlike animals
Calvin cycle converts CO2 and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose. Occurs in chloroplast stroma using ATP and NADPH from light reactions. Discovered in 1950 by Calvin, Bassham, and Benson using carbon-14
Chloroplasts are green organelles found in plants and green algae. They contain chlorophyll a and b pigments for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are 1-2 μm thick and 5-7 μm in diameter
Microbiology emerged from Pasteur and Koch's bacterial research in late 1800s. Bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled organisms without membrane-bound nucleus. Woese's 1977 discovery divided bacteria into eubacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Bacteria range in width from 0.5 to 5 micrometres and can be shaped like spheres. Archaea lack peptidoglycan in cell walls and can survive extreme environments