Discovered in 1943 by Keith Millis as graphite-rich cast iron. Contains nodular graphite inclusions for enhanced impact and fatigue resistance. Nodules are formed by adding magnesium, cerium, tellurium, or yttrium
Inoculation controls cast iron structure by minimizing undercooling and increasing nucleation. Ferrosilicon containing minor elements like Al, Ba, Ca-Sr and Zr is most popular inoculant. Inoculation prevents carbide formation and improves mechanical properties
System includes 115 different types of turning inserts with various shapes and tolerances. Inserts are categorized by color, chipbreaker selection, and shape. Symbols indicate shape, relief angle, tolerance, hole type, and chipbreaker
Iron-carbon phase diagram extends beyond 2.06% carbon content. Steel has pearlitic microstructure, cast iron has ledeburitic structure. Cast iron solidifies as crystal mixture, steel as solid solution
Boring bar system uses ISO S 12 M - S T F P R - 11 code system. System includes bar type, diameter, length, mounting method and other specifications. Available in steel, carbide with fixed steel head and coolant hole types
Carbon steel grades WCB and LCB have temperature range -20°F to 1000°F. Chrome moly steel grades C5 to WC9 have temperature range -20°F to 1100°F. Stainless steel types 304 and 316 have temperature range -425°F to 1500°F