Hegel (1770-1831) was a complex philosopher who embraced all philosophies. French Revolution significantly influenced his thinking and philosophy. Hegel combined Enlightenment rationality with Romantic unity
Hegel's dialectics consists of three moments: understanding, dialectical, and speculative. Understanding moment shows concepts with stable definitions. Dialectical moment reveals one-sidedness and self-sublation of understanding. Speculative moment unifies opposition between understanding and dialectical moments
Guidebook provides clear and accessible introduction to Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. Robert Stern presents commentary in non-Hegelian language for first-time readers. Guidebook explores Hegel's dialectical approach to philosophy
Published in 1966, criticizes traditional Western philosophy and dialectical thinking. Argues Enlightenment's emphasis on reason has suppressed human individuality. Rejects final synthesis, emphasizing tension between contradictory elements. Sees Holocaust as catastrophic failure of Enlightenment rationality
Italian idealism emerged from German movement and Hegelian doctrine. Italian patriots in Naples found Hegelianism useful for national unification. Vera interpreted Hegel's Absolute in religious and transcendent sense. Spaventa saw Spirit as immanent in philosophy history
Published in 1807 as part of a "System of Science". Contains Preface, Introduction, and six major divisions. Divided into sections on Sensuous-Certainty, Perceiving, Force, Self-Certainty, Reason, Spirit, Religion, and Absolute Knowing