After 1922 Turkish independence war, Mustafa Kemal implemented major societal changes. Revolutions were approved by Turkish Grand National Assembly. Society was in darkness, hopelessness, and backwardness before revolutions
Atatürk's six main principles: Republicanism, Nationalism, Populism, State Control, Secularism, Progressivism. Principles emphasize individual freedom, national sovereignty, and scientific guidance. Secularism forms basis of all progressivism in republican regimes
Americanism is a set of patriotic values creating collective American identity. Defined as devotion to US flag, traditions, customs, and institutions. Roosevelt viewed it as spirit, not creed or birthplace
Monarchy has been UK's main government since Middle Ages. Brief republican rule under Oliver Cromwell (1649-1660). Glorious Revolution (1688) restored monarchy but limited republicanism
Republicanism emerged in Ancient Greece with Plato, Aristotle and Polybius. Ancient Greek city-states like Athens and Sparta featured extensive citizen participation. Roman Republic combined monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. Tacitus criticized Roman Republic's tendency towards monarchy after Augustus