Prolactin is a peptide hormone secreted from pituitary gland. Discovered in 1930 by Oscar Riddle, confirmed in humans in 1970. Influences over 300 processes in various vertebrates
BCAAs are essential amino acids with branching carbon atoms. Three proteinogenic BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Synthesis occurs in plant plastids through specific enzymes
Human height has remained stable around 170cm over two millennia. Modern height increases coincide with improved health and nutrition. Height data primarily comes from soldiers, criminals, slaves, and servants
Puberty is a continuous process of sexual maturation in boys and girls. Leptin hormone plays a role in initiating puberty. Normal age of puberty is 10-14 for girls, 12-16 for boys. Diet and environmental factors can affect puberty onset
Breast development begins about 1 year before menstrual period. Development takes 3-5 years, sometimes up to 10 years. Breast buds appear first, followed by nipple and areola development. Estrogen drives initial breast growth, progesterone after period. Breast tissue contains second highest iodine concentration in body
Diabetes occurs when body cannot produce or utilize adequate insulin. Untreated diabetes can lead to serious complications including heart attack and amputation. WHO reports 1.5 million deaths from diabetes in 2019, 48% under 70. IDF estimates 6.7 million deaths from diabetes in 2021