M&M Theorem was developed by Modigliani and Miller in 1958. First version assumed perfect efficiency without taxes or bankruptcy costs. Second version added taxes, bankruptcy costs, and asymmetric information
Founded in 1969 as British bank, operates in Turkey. Provides retail, private and corporate banking services. Offers Shariah-compliant financial products
Bearer shares are unregistered equity securities owned by physical stock certificate holders. Companies distribute dividends to owners of physical coupons. Ownership transfer requires only physical document delivery
Chapter 11 allows companies to reorganize and recover. Chapter 7 means company is permanently closed. Preferred shares have higher repayment priority than common shares
LTV ratio assesses lending risk for mortgage approval. Calculated by dividing mortgage amount by property value. Formula: LTV = MA/APV
REITs are companies that own and manage income-producing real estate. Created in 1960 to make real estate investing accessible to smaller investors. REITs own over $4 trillion in commercial real estate as of 2024