Probability and statistics study random events and numerical data. Probability emerged in 17th century gambling and insurance studies. Statistics developed in early 19th century as population analysis
Born in 1856 during a lightning storm, Tesla showed early interest in engineering. Studied at Austrian Polytechnic in Graz but never completed degree due to gambling addiction
Born in Cincinnati in 1922 to Jewish parents. Attended progressive schools in Manhattan and Connecticut. Graduated from Harvard College with physics degrees in 1943
Paradigm shift is fundamental change in scientific concepts introduced by Thomas Kuhn. Kuhn defined it as scientific revolution occurring when dominant paradigm becomes incompatible. Paradigm can refer to shared techniques or single model defining scientific tradition
Science's roots trace back to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (3000-1200 BCE). Egyptians developed decimal system and geometry for surveying. Mesopotamians combined rational science with magic in medicine. Babylonian astronomy provided foundation for modern calendars
Born in 1623 in France to a tax court magistrate father. Created calculating machine at age 19 for father's tax calculations. Developed theory of probability with Pierre de Fermat in 1654. Created first simple syringe through experiments with liquids